竹醋酸在猪粪堆肥中的保氮作用

畜牧业发展带来的环境问题越来越引起社会的关注,堆肥作为传统的工艺被广泛的用来处理畜牧业废弃物,而在传统的堆肥过程中氮素的损失比较严重,因而在堆肥中要尽可能的保存氮素,提高堆肥的质量,增加农用价值。本实验以稻草秸杆、锯末和猪粪为原料,以竹醋酸为添加剂进行静态好氧堆肥实验,分析堆肥过程中总氮、有机氮、氨氮和硝氮等的变化情况,比较不同浓度的竹醋酸对堆肥过程中减少氮损失的作用.对腐熟后堆肥的分析表明,适宜的竹醋酸浓度可以促进微生物的活性;跟空白堆体相比,堆肥物料在1∶2000、1∶1500和1∶1000浓度的竹醋酸作用下,氮素损失分别减少12.5%、10.1%和11.9%,说明其具有一定的保氮作用.     

竹炭包膜氮肥的利用率比较

采用土壤溶出和盆栽试验的方法,研究了尿素、塑料包膜肥、矿物包膜肥和自制的竹炭包膜肥对氮素溶出率和玉米盆栽的生物效应的影响.结果表明:尿素施加到土壤中后淋失比较严重,矿物包膜肥、竹炭包膜肥、塑料包膜肥的氮溶出率均低于尿素(p均低于0.1),其中塑料包膜肥、竹炭包膜肥的溶出率显著低于尿素对照(p<0.01).尿素经过竹炭等包膜材料包膜处理后,在盆栽情况下,其氮素利用率可提高10%~25%,减少氮素溶出损失,有助于减轻对水体的污染.     

竹塑复合材料的力学性能分析研究

介绍了我国目前竹纤维的发展现状,对竹塑复合材料的工艺进行了研究和探索,测试了竹塑复合材料板的基本力学性能。可以预见竹塑复合材料的研制开发将会带来巨大的经济效益和社会效益。     

竹筏浮式消浪结构的试验研究

对多种筏式消浪结构进行了模型试验研究。综合各种因素考虑，单层平筏式消浪结构较佳，并列出了部分试验结果。不同水深和筏重对单层平筏的消浪效果影响甚微。     

玉米笋须饮料生产工艺的研究

利用生产清水玉米笋罐头的废品原料——未受粉的玉米笋须，进行玉米笋须饮料的开发研制，探讨了影响生产工艺的因素，制定了可行的生产工艺条件及质量标准。     

Mechanical properties of continuous bamboo fiber-reinforced biobased polyamide 11 composites

This study is devoted to the analysis of the properties of continuous bamboo fiber (BF)-reinforced polyamide 11 (PA 11) composites. The SEM observations highlighted continuity between BFs and the polymeric matrix showing a high density of hydrogen bonds. The comparative calorimetric study of the matrix and its composites showed that the crystallinity of PA 11 was not modified by the presence of bamboo fibers. The physical aging observed in PA 11 is no more observed in composites due to physical interactions between PA 11 and BFs. The mechanical properties were investigated by tensile strength and dynamic mechanical analysis. The introduction of BFs enhanced Young's modulus of the matrix by a factor of 10. The presence of BFs also improved the storage shear modulus G′ over the whole temperature range. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47623.     

Antimicrobial effects of cinnamon bark oil on microbial composition and quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets during chilled storage

In this study, 11 essential oils were initially screened for antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas veronii, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Pseudomonas jessenii. Cinnamon bark oil exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity and was used as a natural preservative in grass carp fillets stored at 4 ± 1 °C. Sensory assessment, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), color, biogenic amines, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-related compounds, K-value, and presence of microbiota were analyzed during storage. Cinnamon bark oil treatment was found to be effective in enhancing organoleptic quality, inhibiting microbial growth, and delaying the increase of TVB-N, putrescine, cadaverine and K-value. Based on sensory analysis, shelf-life of grass carp fillets was 8 days for the control and 12 days for the treatment group. According to high-throughput sequencing, Aeromonas and Pseudomonas were the predominant microbiota in fresh grass carp. As storage time progressed, the microbial composition of both control and treatment samples became less diverse. Pseudomonas followed by Aeromonas were dominant in spoiled control samples. However, there were significant differences in microbial composition between control and treatment samples at the end of storage. Cinnamon bark oil treatment inhibited the growth of Aeromonas and Shewanella, and Pseudomonas was the only predominant microbiota found in spoiled treatment samples.     

Bark as feedstock for dual fluidized bed gasifiers—Operability,efficiency, and economics

The demand for biofuels and biochemicals is expected to increase in the future, which will in turn increase the demand for biomass feedstock. Large gasification plants fueled with biomass feedstock are likely to be a key enabling technology in a resource‐efficient, bio‐based economy. Furthermore, the costs for producing biofuels and biochemicals in such plants could potentially be decreased by utilizing inexpensive low‐grade residual biomass as feedstock. This study investigates the usage of shredded tree bark as a feedstock for the production of biomethane in the GoBiGas demonstration plant in Gothenburg, Sweden, based on a 32 MW_th industrial dual fluidized bed gasification unit. The plant was operated with bark feedstock for 12 000 hours during the period 2014 to 2018. Data from the measurement campaign were processed using a stochastic approach to establish the plant's mass and energy balances, which were then compared with operation of the plant with wood pellets. For this comparison, an extrapolation algorithm was developed to predict plant performance using bark dried to the same moisture content as wood pellets, ie, 8%_w.b. Plant operation with bark feedstock was evaluated for operability, efficiency, and feedstock‐related cost. The gas quality achieved during the test period was similar to that obtained for operation with wood pellets. Furthermore, no significant ash sintering or agglomeration problems were observed more than 750 hours of operation. The calculated biomass‐to‐biomethane efficiency is 43% to 47% (lower heating value basis) for operation with wet bark. However, the predicted biomass‐to‐biomethane efficiency can be increased to 55%–65% for operation with bark feedstock dried to 8% moisture content, with corresponding feedstock costs in the range of 24.2 to 32.7 EUR/MWh; ie, a cost reduction of about 40% compared with wood pellets.     

The Bark Beetle Dendroctonus rhizophagus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Has Digestive Capacity to Degrade Complex Substrates: Functional Characterization and Heterologous Expression of an α-Amylase

Dendroctonus-bark beetles are natural agents contributing to vital processes in coniferous forests, such as regeneration, succession, and material recycling, as they colonize and kill damaged, stressed, or old pine trees. These beetles spend most of their life cycle under stem and roots bark where they breed, develop, and feed on phloem. This tissue is rich in essential nutrients and complex molecules such as starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which apparently are not available for these beetles. We evaluated the digestive capacity of Dendroctonus rhizophagus to hydrolyze starch. Our aim was to identify α-amylases and characterize them both molecularly and biochemically. The findings showed that D. rhizophagus has an α-amylase gene (AmyDr) with a single isoform, and ORF of 1452 bp encoding a 483-amino acid protein (53.15 kDa) with a predicted signal peptide of 16 amino acids. AmyDr has a mutation in the chlorine-binding site, present in other phytophagous insects and in a marine bacterium. Docking analysis showed that AmyDr presents a higher binding affinity to amylopectin compared to amylose, and an affinity binding equally stable to calcium, chlorine, and nitrate ions. AmyDr native protein showed amylolytic activity in the head-pronotum and gut, and its recombinant protein, a polypeptide of ~53 kDa, showed conformational stability, and its activity is maintained both in the presence and absence of chlorine and nitrate ions. The AmyDr gene showed a differential expression significantly higher in the gut than the head-pronotum, indicating that starch hydrolysis occurs mainly in the midgut. An overview of the AmyDr gene expression suggests that the amylolytic activity is regulated through the developmental stages of this bark beetle and associated with starch availability in the host tree.